Underst和ing Your Risk for Heart Disease
Risk factors are conditions that increase your risk of developing a disease. Risk factors are either modifiable, meaning you can take measures to change them, 或不可修改, which means they cannot be changed.
风险因素 心脏病 are discussed below.
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
年龄
According to American Heart Association computations, about 80 percent of people who die from cardiovascular disease are 65 years 和 older. 年龄 itself increases your risk of developing 心脏病.
性别
Heart disease has long been considered to be primarily a men's disease. Although women tend to develop cardiovascular disease about 10 years later in life than men, the outcome for women is often worse.
阅读更多关于 women 和 心脏病.
家族病史
Your risk for developing 心脏病 increases if you have a relative who developed 心脏病 early, 55岁以前. 如果你r parents developed 心脏病 later in life, it may be age-related rather than genetic. While you cannot change your genes, it is important to know your family medical history 和 share it with your doctor.
比赛
African-Americans are at great risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Modifiable Risk Factors
High blood pressure
Blood pressure is recorded as two numbers with a ratio, like this: 120/80 mmHg. 最上面的数字, called systolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats. 较低的数字, called diastolic blood pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries between the heartbeats.
High blood pressure is defined as over 140/90 on at least two separate occasions on separate days. Blood pressure should be measured at each doctor's office visit starting at 18 years of age, but at least every two years. Target blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg regardless of age.
Many people have high blood pressure for years. If left untreated, it can lead to coronary 心脏病, heart attack or 中风.
Until age 45, a higher percentage of men than women have high blood pressure. From ages 45 to 64, the percentages are similar. After that, a much higher percentage of women than men have high blood pressure.
Blood Pressure Classification | 收缩压(mmHg) | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | |
正常的 | < /> | 和 | < /> |
吗 | 120–139 | or | 80–89 |
第一阶段高血压 | 140–159 | or | 90–99 |
第二阶段高血压 | >160 | or | >100 |
For persons older than 50, systolic blood pressure is more important than diastolic blood pressure as a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Starting at 115/75 mmHg, cardiovascular disease risk doubles with each increment of 20/10 mmHg throughout the blood pressure range.
People with systolic blood pressure of 120 to 139 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 89 mmHg, should be considered pre-hypertensive. They will need to make healthy lifestyle changes to prevent cardiovascular disease.
吸烟
吸烟 is the most preventable risk factor. Smokers have more than twice the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. On average, smoking costs 13 years of life to a male smoker 和 14 years to a female smoker. Exposure to smoke — secondh和 smoking — increases the risk even for non-smokers.
胆固醇
The cholesterol profile includes LDL (bad) cholesterol, HDL (good) cholesterol, triglycerides 和 total cholesterol.
- 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (low density lipoprotein) contributes to artery blockages (plaques). Most people should aim for an 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 level of 100 mg/dL or lower. 如果你 are at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease, or if you have already had a heart attack, you may need to aim for an LDL level below 70 md/dL.
- 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (high density lipoprotein) is a reverse-transport protein; it removes cholesterol from the arteries 和 takes it to the liver where it can be passed out of the body. High levels of 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 lower your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. An HDL level of 60 mg/dL 和 over is considered excellent, providing you optimal protection.
- 甘油三酸酯 甘油三酸酯 is the most common type of fat in the body. Many people who have 心脏病 or diabetes have high triglyceride levels. A normal triglyceride level is less than 150 mg/dL.
- 总胆固醇 总胆固醇 is a measure of 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇, 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 和 other lipids. The desirable level of total cholesterol is less than 200mg/dL.
糖尿病
糖尿病 is defined as a fasting blood glucose (blood sugar) of 125 mg/dL or more. 糖尿病 increases your risk for developing cardiovascular disease.
There are two main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is usually first diagnosed in children 和 young adults. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form 和 can develop at any age.
如果你 have diabetes, no matter which type, it means you have too much glucose in your blood, which can lead to serious health issues. 糖尿病 和 心脏病 share similar risk factors — high cholesterol level, high blood pressure 和 肥胖.
糖尿病前期
People with a fasting blood glucose level between 100 mg/dL 和 125 mg/dL have an increased risk for developing Type 2 diabetes. If they do not make lifestyle modifications, they will likely develop diabetes within the next 10 years.
糖尿病前期 is reversible. 如果你 减肥, maintain a healthy diet 和 increase your 体育活动, you may be able to prevent progression to diabetes.
加州大学旧金山分校健康 medical specialists have reviewed this information. It is for educational purposes only 和 is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.