支气管扩张
Overview
支气管扩张是一种 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in which mucus accumulates and sticks in the airways of the lungs, called bronchi. 结果是, 呼吸道感染并发炎, eventually leading to enlarged and weak airways, which allows more mucus and bacteria to accumulate.
支气管扩张 most often affects children, although people of all ages are diagnosed with the condition. It can be caused by lung injury from other conditions, 包括囊性纤维化, 肺结核, 肺炎和免疫缺陷疾病, 比如艾滋病毒和艾滋病.
我们治疗支气管扩张的方法
UCSF offers comprehensive evaluations and care for all types of COPD. 治疗支气管扩张时, 我们的目标是解决根本问题, clear mucus from the lungs and prevent complications. 治疗包括药物治疗, physical therapy or devices that help open and clear the airways, and antibiotics to fight any respiratory infection.
Lung surgery or transplantation may be an option for patients with severe cases. UCSF is currently the top lung transplant program in the U.S. for higher-than-expected patient survival rates and graft survival rates (ongoing function of the transplanted lungs).
除了照顾病人, we lead research to improve the understanding and treatment of COPD. Interested patients may have the option to receive experimental treatments by participating in a clinical trial.
迹象 & 症状
Symptoms of bronchiectasis vary for each person and in rare cases, a patient may not experience any 症状 at all. 但是，常见症状可能包括:
- 咳嗽，躺下时会加重
- 呼吸急促（气促）
- 异常胸音
- 弱点
- 减肥
- 乏力
- Discolored or foul smelling mucus, or mucus that contains blood
诊断
支气管扩张症的诊断, your doctor will first start by conducting a thorough physical examination, recording your medical history and asking about any 症状 you are experiencing.
The following tests may then be conducted to make a definite diagnosis:
- 肺功能检查(PFT). This test involves a series of breathing maneuvers that measure the airflow and volume of air in your lungs. This allows your doctor to objectively assess the function of your lungs.
- High resolution computed tomography (HRCT). 这是一种特殊的 CT扫描 that provides your doctor with high-resolution images of your lungs. Having a HRCT is no different than having a regular CT扫描; they both are performed on an open-air table and take only a few minutes.
- 胸部x光片. 胸部x光检查 can help confirm a diagnosis of bronchiectasis and rule out other lung conditions.
- 痰液检查. Analysis of cells in your sputum (mucus and other matter brought up from the lungs, bronchi and trachea) can help determine the cause of some lung problems.
治疗
The goal of treatment for bronchiectasis is to treat any underlying conditions causing lung injury, help remove mucus from the lungs and prevent further complications.
治疗包括:
- 支气管扩张剂治疗. Inhaled as aerosol sprays or taken orally, bronchodilator medications may help to relieve 症状 of bronchiectasis by relaxing and opening the air passages in the lungs.
- 类固醇. Inhaled as an aerosol spray, steroids can help relieve 症状 of bronchiectasis. 随着时间的推移, 然而, 吸入类固醇会产生副作用, 比如骨骼变弱, 高血压, 糖尿病和白内障. It is important to discuss these side effects with your doctor before using steroids.
- 抗生素. 抗生素 may be used to help fight respiratory infections caused by bronchiectasis.
- 粘液稀释剂和祛痰剂. 粘液稀释剂和祛痰剂 help loosen and clear mucus from lungs.
- 呼吸治疗. People with bronchiectasis must clear mucus from their lungs on a daily basis. This may be done with chest physical therapy, which involves vigorously clapping the back and chest to dislodge mucus from the lungs. Airway clearance can also be achieved with mechanical devices that stimulate mucus clearance.
- 手术. 肺减容手术, during which small wedges of damaged lung tissue are removed, may be recommended for some patients with severe cases of bronchiectasis.
- 肺移植. 在非常严重的情况下， 肺移植 可能是某些患者的一种选择.
加州大学旧金山分校健康 medical specialists have reviewed this information. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.
